Peer-Reviewed (Contd.)

111 Al-Hassan, Idris S.

Gender religious experience: Women and Quranic schools in eastern Sudan.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1995. v. 11 (1), p. 1-20.

The case discussed in the paper furnishes, on the one hand, an example of the significance of close examination of local situations for gaining a fuller understanding of global phenomena; on the other hand, it addresses gender issues by indicating the different ways employed by women who find themselves 'trapped' in 'traditionally-locked' situations. Thus, women of the Hadendaw tribe (an all Muslim society) in eastern Sudan have been found to have used a traditional educational situation - the Quranic school (Khalwa) - in their efforts to achieve greater social participation, both at the local and national levels. Also argues that if a phenomenon such as Islamic revivalism is to be grasped, local dynamics (as in the above case) have to be studied in order to be able to determine the constraints to, and chances of its development.

112 Hamdok, Abdalla A.

Institutional issues related to communal ownership and resource use problems in the agro-pastoral system of Zimbabwe.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1995. v. 11 (1), p. 41-58.

It is becoming increasingly clear that institutional approaches to property rights play a crucial role not only in resource management but also in influencing environmental consequences of resource use. This paper seeks first to examine the complex inter-relationship between property rights (with specific reference to communal land ownership) and problems of resource degradation and deterioration; and secondly to highlight policy options available to deal with such problems. The experience of the communal areas of Zimbabwe since colonial times is used as a case study.

113 Mohamed, Adam Azzain

Individual change among the Beja tribesmen of eastern Sudan: A case study.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1995. v. 11 (1), p. 21-39.

This paper focuses on the issue of individual change among the Beja tribesmen of eastern Sudan. The Beja homeland is considered as a "special area". In such a context the paper examines the Beja preparedness to contribute to the development of their area or, alternatively, whether their attitude and behaviour patterns pose a hindrance to the development process. Propositions from two relevant sets of social theories, namely the theories of development and theories related to individual attitudes and behaviour patterns are used as a frame of reference in the Beja context. The validity of the hypotheses from the above theories that consider individuals in typical traditional settings like the Beja one to be fatalistic, tribalistic, secretive, socially distrustful and conformist are tested. The findings of the study are numerous and have far-reaching implications. The Beja community turned out to be very tradition-oriented. They are extremely fatalistic, secretive and tribalistic; a reality which poses a serious problem to decision makers.

114 Naude, Willem A.

On the persistence of shocks to Ethiopia's terms of trade: A time series analysis.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1995. v. 11 (1), p. 59-72.

The paper deals with three aspects of Ethiopia's terms of trade. First, it presents an estimate of the impact of terms of trade volatility on the Ethiopian economy amounting to a cumulative loss of US$ 542 million over the period 1971-1991. Second, using time-series techniques of analysis, the terms of trade volatility is decomposed into permanent and transient shocks. The analysis suggests that the negative growth component of Ethiopia's terms of trade is stochastic, implying a permanent nature of the shocks. And, third, using non-parametric methods, it is established that 99 percent of a terms of trade shock will have died out in Ethiopia after 20 years. Thus the terms of trade shocks in Ethiopia, though not permanent, are of a long duration.

115 Brons, Maria; Doornbos, Martin; Mohamed-Salih, M. A.

The Somali-Ethiopians: The quest for alternative futures.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1995. v. 11 (2), p. 45-70.

This paper addresses the issues of national identification in the context of the ever-changing patterns of Somali-Ethiopian political alliances and conflicts and their role in identity making and unmaking. It argues that national identification can be shaped and reshaped by historical processes. By examining the case of the Somali-Ethiopians from the colonial legacy until today, self-identification as Somali or Somali-Ethiopian do not necessarily express themselves in a constant anchor point as the Somali often move from one anchor point to another. The history of the development of a particular Somali identity geared towards the creation of "Greater Somalia" reveals that emphasis on specific identity could be reconstructed as a result of circumstances external to the individual actors. No wonder in the circumstances that, the collapse of the Somali state, the anchor point and stimulus of the ideology of "Greater Somalia", would have far-reaching ramifications on the Somali-Ethiopians and even the Somali within Somalia (Northern Somalia which proclaimed independence as the Republic of Somalia). The paper addresses these issues in relation to the democratization process in Ethiopia and its potential impacts on the self-determination of Somali-Ethiopians, as Ethiopians, Ogadeni nationals or Somali.

116 Kiros, F. G. [Fassil G. Kiros].

Towards typologies of agricultural producers in sub-Saharan Africa.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1995. v. 11 (2), p. 1-15.

The problem of designing and targeting appropriate agricultural policies and technologies continues to pose serious difficulty for development policy makers and practitioners in Africa. This paper is, therefore, a contribution toward the development of "typologies" of agricultural producers which can provide the basis for overcoming this difficulty. Data gathered by means of a survey of 801 homesteads in western Kenya were used to identify appropriate socio-economic indicators. An approach of measurements was then applied to assign relative values to the indicators and to specify the values of a proposed typological scale. On this basis, the sample of 801 homesteads were categorized, based on the survey data differentiated by the gender of the homestead heads. Four categories of farm homesteads were identified, namely, relatively very poor resource endowed, poorly resource endowed, moderately resource endowed, and well resource endowed. In concluding, an approach is also suggested for the practical applications of one or more of the socio-economic indicators based on data generated by means of "rapid sample surveys".

117 Kishindo, Paul

High risk behaviour in the face of the AIDS epidemic: The case of bar girls in the Municipality of Zomba, Malawi.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1995. v. 11(2), p. 35-43.

The first case of AIDS in Malawi was diagnosed in 1985. The close association of AIDS with sexual promiscuity led the Ministry of Health to mount a campaign to create awareness in the population of the dangers of promiscuous sex. Surveys carried out so far indicate that about 80 percent of surveyed bar girls carried the HIV virus. This study sought to investigate from bar girls in the Municipality of Zomba why they became bar girls, how much they know about the disease and why they persisted in their high risk occupation. It was discovered that most went into the occupation for economic security. They were all aware of the mode of transmission and most knew someone who either had died of the disease or presented symptoms of the disease. They persisted in this high risk occupation because it was potentially more lucrative than any employment they could get with their low academic qualification. Their high risk behaviour was rationalised in terms of predestination or fate: If it is God's will that one dies of AIDS, there is nothing any human can do to change that fate.

118 Raftopoulos, Brian; Moyo, Sam

The politics of indigenisation in Zimbabwe.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1995. v. 11 (2), p. 17-33.

Discusses the process of economic indigenisation, called affirmative action or Black advancement, in Zimbabwe, highlighting the scope of the process and arguments against it; describing the policies, activities, and successes and shortcomings of measures undertaken during the early post-colonial struggle for Black advancement and especially land redistribution; and outlining the internal contradictions and politics of the Black business lobby.

119 Kajoba, Gear M.

Coping with drought through sustainable agricultural development in Zambia.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1996. v. 12 (1), p. 47-64.

The purpose of this paper is to review some aspects of climate change taking place in Southern Africa as part of global warming, and to argue that Zambia can best cope with this change through the development of sustainable agriculture which is based on the incorporation and improvement of indigenous cultivation systems. The paper is divided into three sections. Section 1 poses the question, "What is drought?". The section briefly defines the concept of drought and makes reference to its impacts on agriculture and how Zambia devised short term strategies to deal with the 1991/1992 drought. Section 2 poses another question: "What went wrong?". This section traces the historical origins of the development of an agricultural policy during the colonial period, which disregarded the recommendations of local agricultural scientists in the Department of Agriculture, who favoured the improvement of the indigenous agronomic systems which were discovered in ecological surveys. This policy led to the birth of maize based commercial agriculture among Africans, which was continued even in the post-colonial period. Section 3 reviews the merits of the indigenous systems of cultivation, with special reference to the Mambwe mound system of agriculture. It then proposes a number of elements which should constitute a sustainable form of agriculture and are likely to cope better with periodic drought in Zambia.

120 Kanduza, Ackson. M.

Ambiguities in women history: The case of Swaziland.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1996. v. 12 (1), p. 35-45.

Based on Swazi cultural aspects, the paper seeks a re-evaluation of gender studies with regard to prospects for women to own property. It argues that claims that women were prohibited from owning property have ignored cultural provisions which have allowed women to acquire most important resources such as land and cattle. The paper further argues that women also have played a decisive role in decision-making processes pertaining to utilization of the resources they acquire under Swazi law and tradition. The discussion concludes that taking into account positive aspects of women's social and economic relations is an important step towards their empowerment and elimination of gender-based injustices.

121 Minnis, John R.

Can civil society be a force for political change in Malawi?

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1996. v. 12 (1), p. 1-13.

This paper examines the proposition that African countries in transition from single-party to multi-party rule require the active participation of civil associations. As one of the last African countries to embrace democracy via a national election in June 1984, Malawi's transition over the last one and a half years has been be peaceful, uninterrupted by ethnic violence or military intervention. By focusing on historical and more recent economic and political developments, the paper attempts to gauge the present vibrancy and relevance of civil society for Malawi, and when appropriate, draw implications for other African countries.

122 Nuwagaba, Augustus

Urbanisation and environmental crisis in a Ugandan city: Implications for environmental management and sustainable development.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1996. v. 12 (1), p. 15-33.

The author directs his research experience in the field of macro-level policy analysis on environment and population issues to natural resource tenure and development. All the thematic issues in the paper provide analysis of the linkage between urbanization, environmental status and settlement planning in Uganda. The author submits that urban environment crisis is a culmination of critical structural issues among which are the regimes of natural resources management, especially land, and the lopsided development policy that tend to sideline the rural populations. It is argued that the skewed distribution of socio-economic opportunity has exacerbated the rural-urban interface in the form of heavy influx of rural populations to urban centres, a phenomenon that has culminated in environmental "hot spots" in urban areas. This has bred proliferation of shanty settlements and corresponding socio-economic activities as survival strategy for the poor urban populace. The paper concludes by proposing a macro policy model that argues for the domestication of environment management among urban settlements, with the prime objective of enhancing sustainable development.

123 Mahran, Hatim A.; Gangi, Y. A.

Causes of inflation in the Sudan 1970-1991.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1996. v. 12 (2), p. 13-23.

Reviews studies on the causes of inflation, with emphasis on the empirical results pertaining to inflation in the Sudan. Presents the specification of a simultaneous equation model used to explain inflation in the Sudan that recognizes the interplay of a number of factors that are believed to have both direct and indirect impacts on inflation. The first equation expresses the domestic inflation rate as a function of the free exchange rate (domestic price of foreign currency), the world inflation rate, government borrowing from the banking sector and growth rate of real gross domestic product while the second equation expresses the free exchange rate as a function of the official exchange rate, bank credit made available to the private sector, the annual rate of domestic inflation, and growth rate of real government expenditure. Two stage least squares technique employed to estimate the model, using data for the period 1971-1991, showed that the overall model was significant at the 1 percent level, with 98 percent of the variations in the free market exchange rate and 97 percent of the variations in the inflation rate explained by variations in the respective variables, which had different significance levels.

124 Senkondo, Ephrem M. M.

The use of linear programming in planning smallholder agroforestry strategies: The case of Uluguru mountains, Tanzania.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1996. v. 12 (2), p. 25-36.

Agroforestry (AF), a multipurpose land use system, is proposed as a solution to attaining sustainability in land use, and to complementing the already existing land use management in a highly populated and degraded area of Uluguru mountains, Morogoro, Tanzania. The paper uses linear programming (LP) to examine financially profitable alternative AF systems for smallholder farmers. The thrust of the analysis is to propose an optimal land use strategy in the area. The study uses a survey approach among 80 farmers sampled from selected divisions in the western and eastern parts of Uluguru mountains. Secondary data are used to complement primary data from the survey. Due to the limitations of the deterministic analyses as opposed to stochastic approaches, the paper suggests optimal land use under AF in the two contrasting areas of Uluguru mountains. Land and capital resources are identified to be the most limiting factors of production in the areas. Although the optimal plans for Mgeta and Mkuyuni indicate that labour was not a limiting factor, this is not established from the results of the study. This is because there are other labour-demanding activities which were not considered in the LP models. The paper agreed with earlier recommendations that increased output of AF systems in Uluguru mountains area under land scarcity, can be achieved by adopting improved AF technologies. Specifically, the paper proposes that, capital being a limiting resource, credit provision can improve capital availability. In addition, it is suggested that off-farm activities should be emphasized in order to improve incomes of farm families. Finally, liberalization of input markets is proposed to enhance adoption of new technologies, as well as improvement in communication networks.

125 Sikwibele, Anne. L.

Women, water supply and sanitation problems in poor compounds of Lusaka.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1996. v. 12 (2), p. 37-52.

This paper analyzes problems in water supply and poor sanitation and how they relate to women on the basis of evidence from research studies in several poor compounds in Lusaka and projects or programmes in water supply and sanitation (WSS). Discusses policy issues and recommendations aimed at bringing about changes in WSS in urban areas.

126 Tevera, D. S.

Indigenisation of the Zimbabwean economy and the emerging economic and socio-spatial impacts.

Eastern Africa Social Science Review. 1996. v. 12 (2), p. 1-12.

National Workshop on Indigenisation of the Zimbabwean Economy: Problems and Prospects, (Zimbabwe), 18-19 Aug 1994.

This paper attempts to contribute to the debate on Zimbabwe's indigenisation policy, the process of black empowerment and promotion of black advancement through a calculated process of affirmative action with the aim of reducing racial inequality, and to also highlight the emerging economic, social and spatial impacts of the process. The paper refers to the experiences of other African countries with a view to providing lessons for Zimbabwe to learn and improve upon. It also examines the factors that have slowed down the indigenisation process in Zimbabwe and makes a preliminary assessment of the economic, and socio-spatial impacts to date.

127 Chole, E. [Eshetu Chole].

Prospects for economic recovery in Africa.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1997. v. 13 (1), p.1-16.

On the whole, Africa's most recent economic performance has been positive. While this is an encouraging development, it has to be seen in the context of negative historical trends, variations in country performances, and the massive poverty that characterizes the region. Modest, short-lived economic growth is insufficient to make an appropriate dent into deep-rooted poverty. Africa's economic prospects depend on several factors, on non of which it is easy to make confident predictions: the prevalence of peace and stability; the evolution of political systems conducive to development; the design and implementation of appropriate economic and social policies; and the emergence of an international order (especially with respect to trade, aid, debt and information technology) that is favourable to the region. While there is room for cautious optimism in most of these areas, exaggerated hopes are certainly unwarranted.

128 Guimaraes, J. P. de Compos

The new federal system in the Sudan: Some main aspects and implications for planning.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1997. v. 13 (1), p. 37-53.

This paper describes the main features of the recently introduced 'federal' system in the Sudan and discusses some of its implications, particularly for development planning at the sub-national level. The scarcity of human and financial resources in the country, the maintenance of tight political control over the new state organs and the recent increase in the number of states do not augur well for the capacity of the new states to deal effectively with their own development problems. Recent trends in regional planning - towards identification of opportunities, mobilization of resources and development promotion at the local and regional levels - add to the challenges that the newly created decentralized administration will face.

129 Hendricks, Fred T.

Antinomies of access: social differentiation and communal tenure in a Namaqualand reserve, South Africa.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1997. v. 13 (1), p. 55-85.

This article attempts to highlight the incongruity in the existence of social differentiation among the people and communal forms of land holdings. It traces the manner in which the pre-existing type of tenure was undermined and distorted by colonial penetration in the remote north western part of South Africa called Richtersveld, compares the experience of these reserves with that of the larger "bantustans" with regard to territorial segregation and political separation, demonstrates the failure of state interventionist attempts at individualization, and questions the viability of the contemporary distorted communal system. Finally, it examines the disintegration of local grazing regulation and its long-term environmental and social impact.

130 Mohamed-Salih, Mohammed Abdel

The potential role of democratic political education in the African context.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1997. v. 13 (1), p. 17-35.

This paper delineates the negative role played by non-democratic political education and calls for the conception and hence development of democratic education to enhance Africa's current democratization drive. (1) It elucidates the case for a democratic political education informed by African post-colonial experience and the specificity of its transformation to democracy. (2) It criticizes the negative role of Africa's education establishment during the reign of one-party regimes and military dictatorships. (3) It argues that the starting point in this process should be the liberation of the African education establishment and the reorientation of its mission to undertake citizen-centered political education. Democratic political education, it stresses, is particularly relevant today in order to secure a sustainable democratic process capable of nurturing a new generation of responsible governance.

131 Mihyo, Paschal B.

The regulatory framework and small- and micro-enterprise development in eastern Africa.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1997. v. 13 (2), p. 43-73.

In eastern Africa, the current structural reforms, reduced state involvement in the production and delivery of goods and services all have begun to reshape employment patterns. An immediate response has been the creation of alternative sources of livelihood exemplified by an increasing number of small and medium size enterprises in the private and tertiary sector. This paper emphasizes the need for government support and proper regulations that recognize the importance of land ownership and access for local communities. Furthermore, it calls for improving small- and medium-size enterprises' access to credit, and an increased institutional and human resources development support. Such improvements cannot be sustained without an efficient legal framework instruments and regulation.

132 Mujaju, Akiiki B.

The welfare state on trial: The triumph of Lockean politics in Africa.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1997. v. 13 (2), p. 27-42.

This paper is premised on the assumption that the emergence of the welfare state in the earlier part of this century was a progressive state. It represented a non-Marxian alternative to class conflict and demonstrated the capacity of capitalism to reform itself. It showed that the state could be compassionate towards the popular classes in society. The paper, however, notes that contemporarily there are socio-political forces which seem intent to take us backwards; dismantle the welfare state in the name of the market. It notes the activities of the International Monetary Fund; the World Bank and some within the academia. The offensive against the welfare state seems to have intensified ever since the break up of the Soviet Union and Marxist states in Africa as if to argue that they collapsed because of socialism. The paper argues that the problem in the USSR was not socialism but totalitarianism. It notes that there are still socialist/welfare states in Denmark and Sweden which may have been more socialist than the USSR. This triumph of the Lockean, limited government which has assaulted the welfare state in Africa could be the beginning of inter-class tensions, particularly given the fact that the economies of many African countries are debt-laden. The welfare state was a sign of progress; its progressive demise is evidence of reaction. However, not much can be done to reverse the trend until the popular classes are better organized to protect their interests.

133 Nuwagaba, Augustus

Population crisis in sub-Saharan Africa: Who is responsible? An illustrative analysis of population trends in Uganda.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1997. v. 13 (2), p. 75-88.

This paper is based on the study results of two projects: "Rural-Urban Fertility, Differentials in Uganda: the Role of Proximate Determinants" and "Household Formation Patterns in Uganda". Information was collected from rural and urban households in Mpigi and Kampala districts respectively. The important thread that runs throughout the paper provides a better understanding of the reasons for the persistent high fertility in sub-Saharan Africa, contrary to the theory of demographic transition. The analytical framework is illustrated with Ugandan data. It is proposed that fertility level in sub-Saharan Africa is a function of the African political economy and changes in fertility levels will have to be preceded by socio-economic progress in real terms.

134 Prah, Kwesi Kwaa

Changing solidarities of identity, ethnicity, nationality and the search for democracy and development in Africa.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1997. v. 13 (2), p. 1-25.

This paper examines the validity of notions like ethnicity, tribe, nation and state. The paper relates these to shifting or changing identities in Africa from the pre-colonial to post-colonial period. The author shows how economic and social factors affect the construction and evolution of identities in Africa. The post-colonial elite comes under significant scrutiny in the text. Its origins and cultural moorings are seen as important in any serious consideration of the development process in Africa. The author suggests that, for democracy and development in Africa, room would need to be provided for identities which are primeval and predate the colonial experience. Such identities cannot be obliterated by decree. The answer lies in an approach which provides cultural space for diversity, which gives democratic form and institutions to culturally diverse groups and ethnicities, but which subsumes all under a wide pan-African umbrella of institutional unity transcending the inherited colonial borders. Under such conditions 'tribalism' as localist atavism would lose its significance and impact.

135 Foeken, Dick; Mwangi, Alice Mboganie

Does access to land have a positive impact on the food situation of the urban poor? A case study in Nairobi.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1998. v. 14 (1), p. 19-32.

Due to the fast growing urban population and the economic problems, the number of urban poor in sub-Saharan Africa has been rapidly increasing. In order to make ends meet, many poor urban households fall back on farming activities, either within the city boundaries or in the rural areas they come from. The central question raised in this paper is whether access to farmland influences the households' food situation. The results of this exploratory paper indicate that as far as the Nairobi poor are concerned, the question can at least partly be answered in the affirmative.

136 Gebre-Egziabher, T. [Tegegne Gebre-Egziabher].

The influence of decentralization on some aspects of local and regional development planning in Ethiopia.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1998. v. 14 (1), p. 33-63.

This paper examines the influence of decentralization on some aspects of local and regional planning, namely the regional planning process, and resource mobilization and allocation. The paper finds that, contrary to theoretical expectations, the existing planning process is not capable of creating multi-sectoral plans and enhancing popular participation. Though decentralization has enabled regional governments to collect and use revenues from their regions, regional financial capacities are limited. In order to compensate for the deficiencies, central government allocates grant money on the basis of equity biased criteria. Grant allocations, however, need to consider the trade-off between equity and efficiency. Resource allocation by regions revealed that backward regions devoted most of their resources to social development though these regions could not yet attract private investment. The future of local and regional planning in the country needs strong and coherent local and regional policies that identify the nature of popular participation, the means to enhance resource mobilization, and the planning methodology to be followed.

137 Nganda, Benjamin M.

The equity objective in Kenyan health policy: An interpretation.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1998. v. 14 (1), p. 65-89.

Equity concerns in the health sector have become increasingly important in Kenya recently, partly as a result of the structural adjustment programme which increasingly put much of the burden of financing health services on individuals. If the equity objective is to be realized, it is important to ensure that policies pursued to this end focus on appropriate targets for equitable distribution - entities that will eventually guarantee equity in health status (between individuals, groups of same or regions, etc.). This paper attempts to extract the precise equity concern(s) inherent in the Kenyan health policy, by analyzing public pronouncements and assessing their implications for the attainment of equity. The main ethical basis for equity concerns in the Kenyan health sector emanates from the view that health care is an individual's right. The analysis of policy pronouncements for their equity content reveals four possible potential interpretations of equity: equal access to public health care services for equal need; equal access to (public type) health promoting commodities; guaranteed minimum access for all; and unequal access to private health care. These suggest different objectives with greater or lesser difficulties of attainment and monitoring, sometimes with inherent conflicts, such as between the fourth interpretation and the previous three. This has policy implications for the public services. There is need for (i) policy makers to adopt a multi-pronged approach which seeks to compensate inequalities in non-health areas in terms of health care (and vice-versa); (ii) establishing a functioning policy and management structure to monitor the distribution of health and other relevant factors amongst vulnerable groups; and (iii) the development of appropriate macro-summary statistical measures of inequality for use in making judgments about the effects of changes in the patterns of resource distribution on the health of individuals and especially the target groups.

138 Tegene, B. [Belay Tegene].

Potentials and limitations of an indigenous structural soil conservation technology of Welo, Ethiopia.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1998. v. 14 (1), p. 1-18.

This paper examines the potential and limitations of the main indigenous structural soil conservation technology of southern Welo, the weber, as a point of departure for the development of sustainable soil conservation technology for the region. The study is based on an investigation of the characteristics, use, limitations and strengths of the indigenous conservation practice in a representative catchment of about 1520 ha. Questionnaire surveys, group discussions, field observations and aerial photograph interpretation were utilized to generate the data required for the analysis. The findings show that weber comprises a series of land left under grass or stone lines. The indigenous technology has a number of advantages over the newly introduced conservation measures. It is not only compatible with the conservation, land use, the farming system and the objectives of the farming community but also easy to implement and gradually adopt on an incremental basis. However, the technology is not without drawbacks and its success as a basis for the development of sustainable soil conservation programme very much depends on the solutions sought to these limitations.

139 Gebreselassie, M. [Mulugeta Gebreselassie].

Determinants of household school demand in Ethiopia: A multivariate analysis.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1998. v. 14 (2), p. 19-47.

A logistic regression model is utilized to assess the role of household, community and regional factors in determining household demand for schooling in Ethiopia. Similarly a canonical discriminant function, which separates those with the demand and those without, is computed. The strategy is first to study primary and secondary school demand separately and then to study the overall school demand. Results of the study showed that location of residence, number of school age persons, education of the head, expenditure (a proxy for income), and mother's education in years of schooling to be important determinants of household demand for schooling. A separate primary and secondary schooling demand analysis also consistently confirmed the above results, except that returns to education was positively associated with secondary school demand, while distance to school was negatively associated with both primary and secondary school demand. In general, the results of the study demonstrated the usefulness of applying these techniques to the analysis of inter-correlated variables. The techniques proved to be effective to the extent of correctly assigning, 75 percent in discriminant and 85 percent in logistic regression of the cases to their correct groupings.

140 Helland, Johan

Institutional erosion in the drylands: The case of the Borana pastoralists.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1998. v. 14 (2), p. 49-72.

This paper examines some current issues in Borana, a pastoral society straddling the border between Ethiopia and Kenya. Pastoral societies in the African drylands these days seem to be in a state of perpetual crisis, having been transformed in the course of a few decades from haughty, independent-minded and self-sufficient tribesmen to poverty-stricken, famine relief clients living on the ecological as well as political margins of society. The paper will attempt to account for some aspects of this transformation and points to some of the complexities in the situation of pastoralists, as represented by the Borana. Some of the issues raised here are more or less unique to the Borana, while others can be quite easily recognized also in other pastoral societies, in Ethiopia and elsewhere. Many of these are reflected as central concerns in pastoral development policies. Development projects have become an important part of the context within which pastoralists live, for better or for worse. Although few pastoral development projects have achieved what they set out to achieve, they have none the less, often had important consequences for their pastoral 'beneficiaries', creating new opportunities or imposing new problems.

141 Teklu, T.; Yohannes, Y.

[Tesfaye Teklu; Yisehac Yohannes].

On poverty in rural Botswana: Results from a survey of small villages.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1998. v. 14 (2), p. 1-17.

Despite rapid growth in aggregate real income, Botswana continues to face endemic problems of unemployment, poverty and under-nutrition in rural areas. Both the depth of poverty and its dispersion are considerable among the poor, especially in small villages and settlements. Poverty is a function of the level of income and the degree of inequality of wealth. These are significantly related to differences in household size in adult equivalent, level of livestock ownership, educational attainment of principal income earner, and proximity to urban labour market. Poverty is gender differentiated, but is more linked to gender-specific differences in these determinants of living standards. A simulation of how much these discriminants screen the poor shows that they are capable of capturing a greater percentage of the poor when they are applied in combination than separately, but how they are combined is crucial in determining the extent of targeting the poor.

142 Katapa, Rosalia S.; Swilla, Imani N.

Gender differences in school performance: Evidence from the national Form IV examination results and implications for poverty.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1999. v. 15 (1), p. 19-32.

Every year in November, the National Examination Council (NEC) of Tanzania conducts the Certificate of Secondary Education Examinations (CSEE).This paper compares the performance of secondary school girls to that of boys who sat for the CSEE in 1995. It also assesses the contribution of girls', boys' and co-educational schools to the best 10 percent schools in the CSSE of 1995 as well as that of 1994. The implications of these findings and changes in educational policies needed to alleviate poverty are discussed.

143 Mtatifikolo, Fidelis; Mabele, Robert

Development strategies and poverty reduction initiatives: Analytical discussion with applications to Tanzania.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1999. v. 15 (1), p. 33-54.

This paper is about development strategies and poverty reduction initiatives, using Tanzania as a case study. Poverty is defined and operationalized in the global context, with poverty in Africa being characterized as "mass poverty". In Tanzania, poverty is rampant and largely rural even though the urban areas are not as such rich. Urban poverty is worse in smaller towns than in the capital, Dar-es-Salaam. Current poverty reduction initiatives distinguish between strategic and operational-level efforts. Regarding strategic efforts, Tanzania has had explicit policies in the recent Reform Programme and Rolling Plans. Operational-level initiatives see combined interventions, at grassroots level, of the Government, the donor community and NGOs. Recommendations emphasize continuity and consolidation of processes in which the poor themselves are the primary actors. Participatory methods to poverty assessment and poverty reduction should guide policy and practice.

144 Mulugeta, S. [Solomon Mulugeta].

Public ownership of urban land and low income home ownership in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1999. v. 15 (1), p. 79-96.

A questionnaire survey was conducted among a group of factory workers in Addis Ababa to assess the extent to which public ownership of land has promoted low-income home ownership. The findings indicate that approximately one-fifth of the respondents have become homeowners mainly due to the supply of free building lots. Although reported interest in home ownership was quite high among the remaining respondents, their attempts to take advantage of the supply of free land have not been as impressive. Discriminant analysis results suggest that the decision to file applications to secure building lots is mainly a function of stages in the workers' life cycle and the level of satisfaction in the quality of their dwellings rather than of their awareness of the availability of free land.

145 Ngau, Margaret N.

Female marginalization in vocational and technical education in Kenya: A case study.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1999. v. 15 (1), p. 55-78.

This report reveals that in Kenya, women and girls continue to be marginalized in educational access in general and in vocational and technical education in particular on the basis of survey findings as to their marginalization in leadership positions, teacher establishment (numbers versus grades), course selection, social stereotypes as it affects enrolment, financial constraints, economic returns to education, insecurity, and narrowly focused curriculum in girls' secondary schools. Concludes that after three and a half decades of self-governance under a non-discriminatory national constitution, and the government's participation in international conventions which have rejected discriminatory tendencies on sex, colour or religious affiliation, the worth of women as equal partners in national development has not been fully supported by action.

146 Tadesse, B.; Gebre-Selassie, K. [Bedassa Tadesse; Kidist Gebre-Selassie].

Anthropogenic determinants of success in agricultural education: The case of Jimma College of Agriculture, Ethiopia.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1999. v. 15 (1), p. 1-18.

An analysis of the determinants of students' success in middle-level agricultural training was carried out using secondary data obtained from the Office of the Registrar, Jimma College of Agriculture, Ethiopia. The study used multivariate statistical tools involving Fisher's linear discriminant function and LOGIT qualitative response model. The results of the study indicate that sex, preference for agriculture, region, students' parental occupation and stream attended at the high school discriminate between successful and unsuccessful students as a group. Being from a rural area, however, does not give a student more chance to succeed in middle-level agricultural education. Furthermore, the study revealed that the probability of succeeding in agricultural education could not be predetermined on the basis of results in the Ethiopian School Leaving Certificate Examination (ESLCE).

147 Abdalla, Abdalla K.

Production responsibility center and productivity information: An integrated approach for resolving incongruencies in the public agricultural corporations in the Sudan: The case of Gezira scheme.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1999. v. 15 (2), p. 17-41.

This paper, recognizing the little attention that productivity measures have received at the organizational level and the significant attention that it has received at the more macro level (i.e. public policy level) makes a contrast by showing that productivity measures are found at a level which is more macro to the organization in a developing country (i.e. the Gezira Scheme in Sudan). The paper also shows that the joint consideration of productivity and financial measures through an integrated approach for designing control and information systems in the public agricultural corporations (PACs) in the Sudan would resolve (or at least minimize) the in-congruencies existing between the different parties involved, and between macro policy productivity measures and what is going on in organizations or firms. The practicability and usefulness of the integrated approach is examined with regard to the Gezira Scheme in Sudan.

148 Ali, Ali Abdel Gadir

The challenge of poverty reduction in Africa.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1999. v. 15 (2), p. 79-103.

Using most recent income distribution data, this paper provides a set of alternative estimates on poverty in Africa. The results are reported for two major regions of the continent: North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Using appropriate poverty lines, it is shown that about 44 per cent of the population of Africa live below a real poverty line of about US$ 39 per person per month. In North Africa, the incidence of poverty is lower, with a head count ratio of 20 per cent for a poverty line of US$ 60 per person per month. By contrast, in SSA about 50 per cent of the population live below a real poverty line of US$ 34 per person per month. Furthermore, it is shown that the incidence of poverty in rural Africa is higher than that in urban areas (head-count ratios of about 59 per cent and 43 per cent respectively). The paper then explores the implications of achieving the objective of reducing poverty by half by the year 2015. Required GDP growth rates and required external finance are reported. The policy implications of these requirements are drawn with the basic message being that innovative development efforts are needed beyond the current preoccupation with management of economies in crisis.

149 Helland, Johan

Land alienation in Borana: Some land tenure issues in pastoral context in Ethiopia.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1999. v. 15 (2), p. 1-15.

This paper discusses the land rights of the Borana pastoralists as an example of pastoral land tenure in Ethiopia. Pastoral tenure rights are usually a simplified version of much more complex tenurial arrangements found in agricultural areas. The pre-eminence of state rights is characteristic of the situation. Pastoral tenure rights usually involve unclear group user rights to the resources, with poor legal protection from pastoral competitors or agricultural expansion into the rangelands. The land use of the Borana pastoralists has been continuously diminished over the last century, partly because of political and military competition, more recently because of developmental approaches which on the one hand encourage alternative forms of land use (agriculture, land grants to 'investors') and which on the other hand have ecological repercussions (bush encroachment) which remove large parts of the remaining land resources from Borana pastoralism. This paper argues that the Borana have inadequate protection from the land tenure legislation which does not take the requirements of pastoralism much into account.

150 Mwangi, Wilfred; Verkuijl, Hugo; Bisanda, Shekania

Gender differentials in adoption of improved maize production technologies in Mbeya Region of the southern highlands of Tanzania.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1999. v. 15 (2), p. 65-77.

Gender differentials in the adoption of improved maize production technologies were analyzed using the logit regression model. Two dependent variables that constitute the main components of the improved maize production technology were used. These were: improved seed varieties and fertilizer. The results indicated that the adoption of improved maize seed and fertilizer is biased by gender, whereby female-headed households adopt the technologies less. The number of cattle, extension services and years of education had a positive influence on the adoption of improved maize seed for male-headed households, while the use of organic fertilizer, household size, district (Mbozi), and radio ownership had a positive influence on the adoption of inorganic fertilizer for male-headed households. The number of cattle, years of education, extension services, and area under maize did not affect the adoption of improved maize seed or fertilizer for female-headed households, mainly due to significantly less access of female heads to these resources or services. Therefore, policy should address gender disparities in access to extension services, formal education, and cattle ownership that exist because these are some of the socio-cultural and institutional factors that limit the adoption of technologies by female headed households.

151 Wole, D. [Darge Wole].

The origins, endeavours and demise of the Ethiopian University Service: A look at the evolution of an idea.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1999. v. 15 (2), p. 43-63.

In 1961 Haile Selassie I University (now Addis Ababa University) introduced a one-year required student service program, the Ethiopian University Service, to be conducted primarily in the rural areas of the country. Once hailed as "an inspiration of genius" and a "remarkable success", the program was discontinued almost abruptly in 1974 after over 3800 students served in about 146 centres. What explains the demise of a program that was appealing and effective initially? Precedents in student community service, concordance of the program with government interests of the time, consultations among the concerned, the program's relatively low cost and its responsiveness to community needs help explain the program's success. Reasons for the program's discontinuation include: departure from the original objectives, worsening administrative problems, competing priorities in the University, and a new government that saw it as anachronistic or threatening. The study provides an insight into the trials of indigenous innovations that seek to advance a symbiotic relationship between higher education and community service in a least developed country.