Peer-reviewed Articles (Contd.)

051 Rogge, John R.

Africa's refugees: Causes, solutions and consequences.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1988. v. 4 (1), p. 83-108.

Presents an overview of the refugee problem in Africa as it has evolved and intensified over a period of thirty years. Describes the changing causes of these involuntary migrations in both the colonial and post-colonial periods, with emphasis on conditions in the last decade. Evaluates the success of the diverse solutions that have been adopted by national and international organizations in dealing with the problem in Africa vis-a-vis other world regions. Examines some of the immediate and longer term impacts that refugees have had on their host societies.

052 Banyikwa, W. F.

Constraints hampering sustainable use of natural resources in Tanzania.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1988. v. 4 (2), p. 1-13.

Presents evidence of the delicate link between unfavourable economic conditions, political constraints such as lack of a comprehensive and sustainable development strategy, cultural factors that interfere with peasants' use of common sense, as well as demographic constraints caused by increases in the human and bovine population and its subsequent redistribution on one hand and non-sustainable utilization of resources in Tanzania on the other hand. Emphasizes the need for strengthening environmental considerations in the utilization of natural resources.

053 Hassan, Fareed Mohmed Ahmed

Monopoly and welfare loss in the Sudanese industrial sector.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1988. v. 4 (2), p. 39-49.

Attempts to get a quantitative measure of the mis-allocation of resources and the reduction in aggregate welfare due to monopoly in the industrial sector in the Sudan. Presents tabular data showing actual rates of return on capital, the amount this varies from the overall average for the industrial sector, and then the welfare costs of this divergence for several industries. Estimates that, for 1981/82, the mis-allocation of resources could have been eliminated by a net transfer of 203 million Sudanese pounds (43 percent of resources in the industrial sector or 3 percent of the total resources in the economy) from low profit to high profit industries and that this would result in 263 million Sudanese pounds (4 percent of the economy) in improved consumer welfare. Includes a section that evaluates these estimates, outlining factors that might have affected the amounts, viz., the assumption of a horizontal long-term cost curve used in the analysis, flaws in the data, an inability to account for short-time variations in rates of return, problem with the aggregation of products into the ISIC system, and focus of the analysis on mal-distribution thereby neglecting other factors of production that might be a function of monopoly.

054 Kandoole, B. F.

Mini-loans for small and medium-scale enterprises in Malawi.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1988. v. 4 (2), p. 23-37.

Presents results of a study to find out to what extent the Small Enterprise Development Organization of Malawi (SEDOM), a non-profit organization created by the government to provide complete packages of financial assistance and which grants mini- and medium-term loans to small-scale enterprises for setting up, acquiring, expansion and improvements, meets its stated aims and what improvements could be made in the loan-granting process in order to satisfy the needs of clients and of the country. Results revealed that approved credit applications were in manufacturing (559, i.e., 80 percent), agriculture and forestry (73), trade, restaurants (30) and other (35); mini-loans formed 88 percent by number and 51 percent by value of all loans; 75 percent of loans were made in the South, where the management which approves mini-loans is located, while Central and North got 17 and 8 percent respectively; intra-regional disbursements favoured urban areas, and particularly districts where regional offices are located; employment generation was highest in wood, clay and metal products industry; and most of successful applicants were male, with very few females while 99 percent are educated. Unsuccessful applicants were those that either lacked a personal guarantor, were not in the type of business SEDOM funds, were in businesses where the market was saturated, or were ones whose business and technical know-how was suspect. Growth rate of number of applicants was 73.6 percent while the rate for loan value was 10.2 implying a decrease in loan size. SEDOMs planned disbursements foresee an initial 42.3 percent growth rate in 1986 falling to 9.6 percent in 1991.

055 Mijere, Nsolo J.

The new economic recovery programme and class contradictions in Zambia: The case of the coupon.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1988. v. 4 (2), p. 15-22.

Presents the view that the new mealie meal subsidy system (coupon system) in Zambia, established to provide subsidized mealie meal to all urban residents while indiscriminately withdrawing access to subsidized maize meal from rural residents, is a system designed to benefit urban residents because of their political power and that rural residents are not beneficiaries at all due to the fact that they lack political leverage, even though the government claims that the aim of the coupon system is to gradually phase out indiscriminate government subsidies on mealie meal and to reduce the budget deficit. The coupon system has been necessitated by the introduction of the economic liberalization policies brought about by the New Economic Recovery Programme, which was adopted by the Zambian government in 1987 after it had scrapped the IMF economic adjustment programme.

056 Mwase, Ngila

Transport bottlenecks in Tanzania: Causes, consequences and future policy options.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1988. v. 4 (2), p. 69-86.

Discusses the development, present status of and problems facing rail, road, maritime and air transport in Tanzania, with emphasis on factors that have resulted in a deterioration of services, viz., operation of loss-making rail lines, lack of spare parts and inadequate maintenance of rail tracks and locomotives, poor rail services with regard to wagon availability and timing, etc., leading to persistent losses for Tanzania Railway Corporation; shortage of road vehicles and spare parts due to foreign exchange constraints, and problems caused by national or regional authorities setting transport tariffs and fares; as well as the relative unwillingness of foreign aid donors to finance the recurrent expenditure phase of a project such as maintenance.

057 Okoth, P. G.

The historical dimensions of U.S. policy toward Africa.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1988. v. 4 (2), p. 51-68.

Presents the view that US policy toward Africa has, over the years, been characterized by ambiguity and an absence of clear priorities. Reviews important features of the diplomatic relations between the US and Africa during the period up to 1945, from World War II to independence (1945-1960), and the later years. Includes a discussion on the role of Black Americans on US policy toward Africa, whose concern and impact has been minimal.

058 Hyden, Goran

Ideology and the social sciences: The African experience.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1989. v. 5 (1), p. 50-65.

Traces the relationship between ideology and the social sciences over a period of thirty years. Discusses the way development ideology has evolved during this period and what implications this has had for social scientists in Africa, with emphasis on the shifts that have occurred in development ideology in its spiral journey around the two axes of growth-Vs-equity in the objectives of development and management-Vs-participation in the modes of development, as well as the basic features of the four phases through which development ideology has evolved, viz., trickle down, basic needs, small is beautiful, and enabling environment. Concludes with a highlight of some of the challenges that face the social sciences community in Africa, both at present and in the future, viz., need for greater respect of ideas in development, identification of an African perspective on development, the possibility that current economic circumstances might lead to a view of research as a luxury, and the need for African scientists to free themselves from ideological blinders.

059 Mamdani, Mohmoud.

A glimpse at African studies, Made in USA.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1989. v. 5 (1), p. 18-29.

Presents shortcomings, as perceived by the author, of Africanism, and particularly Africanists from North America, with emphasis on their tendency to overlap the "realistic" point of view with that of the "official". Attempts to make this claim more concrete by making a critical review of the proceedings of a gathering of thirty "Africanist scholars" called to discuss the crisis of "governance in Africa" who passed the concluding resolution that "successful economic reform requires an equally thorough-going political reform" without any attempt to define the "reform coalition"; by highlighting the inability of Africanism to be creative in confrontation with its subject matter, i.e., relationship between state and society; by outlining the tendency of Africanist scholars to take at face value the official claims of success of economic liberalization programs initiated by external agencies (particularly IMF); and, finally, by noting the distance of Africanism from popular struggles inside the countries of Africa.

060 Mkandawire, Thandika

Problems and prospects of the social sciences in Africa.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1989. v. 5 (1), p. 1-17.

Highlights some of the problems currently faced by African social scientists, with emphasis on, intellectual dependence on outsiders, especially in the direction of research and teaching, due to the recentness of indigenous social science institutions and the community; changes, for the worse, in the social status and material position of university education, and the social sciences in particular, after a decade or so after independence as a result of the successful completion of indigenisation, tension between the new sates and civil society, and the economic crisis of the 1980s and later years; "developmentalism", the ideological position of subjecting everything to development; unsatisfactory interface between research and policy; vanishing "national priorities"; balance between basic and applied research; weak empirical basis of theorizing; lack of publications outlets; constraints related to sources and conditions of funding; internal weaknesses of the scientific community; uncertainty in the theoretical platform; and attempts at "indigenisation" of social sciences that go beyond the indigenisation of staff. Concludes with an optimistic note of what has been and can be achieved.

061 Prah, Kwesi Kwaa

In search of a tradition for social science research in Africa and a vision for the 1990's.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1989. v. 5 (1), p. 30-40.

Reviews developments in the theory and practice of the social sciences in Africa, with emphasis on the political and economic hardships that have been the fate of social scientists in the region; the tendency shown by some to accomodate themselves with those in power; the persistent struggle that has been waged for the emanicipation and uplifting of the conditions of African people; the concern as to the need for correcting Western misunderstandings and distortions about the nature, history, and being of the African; tendency exhibited by some to adhere to Western philosophical and methodological schools which has led to an appendage status and a mimetic culture; and research weaknesses caused by a lack of domestic funds and the consequent dependence on external donor agencies which has resulted in the alignment of research priorities, language and methodologies to suit the requirements of donors. Discusses several issues pertaining to the conduct of social science research in the future, viz., need to realize and recognize the important role that ideology plays in the research process; need to avoid such pitfalls as acceptance of concepts and usage that have little analytical substance as well as popular political rhetoric; the role that OSSREA can and should play in research networking and capacity building; and finally the need to develop a sense of preoccupative autonomy, to chart out new methodological routes and tools, and establish concepts that have a mainly African reference points.

062 Tadria, Hilda

Gender-responsive social science research: An African perspective.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1989. v. 5 (1), p. 41-49.

Discusses some of the biases and related distortions, in the presentation of gender experiences, that have characterized traditional social science research. Outlines achievements of the research activities that have overcome the earlier biases, and identifies specific areas of concern (priority) for a gender-responsive research approach in Africa, viz., the gender belief system, i.e., relationship between cultural definitions of gender, gender roles and underdevelopment; gender role analysis, i.e., assessment and documentation of who does what, when and where as well as access to and control of resources; and policy level involvement of researchers.

063 Amuwo, Kunle.

A political economy of the 1988 Nigerian civil service reforms.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1989. v. 5 (2), p. 73-82.

Presents the view that there is a distinct militarist (sub-class) character to the 1988 Civil Service reform in Nigeria, in much the same way as the 1975 mass purge of the public service and that both are the administrative counterpart to the economic reforms (structural adjustment programme (SAP)) and political reforms (transition in the military disengagement programme). After briefly reviewing the nature of the Nigerian state, characteristics of the social classes in power, and the state of the Nigerian economy, the paper describes the contradictory political, economic and social interests that exist between the Higher Civil Service and officer-politicians in a military dominant country; and discusses the logic of military-civil transiting regimes, with emphasis on that of Babangida's and its implementation of the SAP. The author then examines the main elements of the reform and attempts a critique.

064 Aredo, D.; Lirenso, A. [Dejene Aredo; Alemayehu Lirenso].

The utilization of a post-harvest technology: A case study of three service co-operative grain mills in Ethiopia.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1989. v. 5 (2), p. 52-72.

Presents findings of a study to characterize the patterns and degree of usage, by rural households, of grain mills owned by service co-operatives in Ethiopia and to investigate the socio-economic impacts of grain mill establishment on rural women. Includes data on relative proportion of mill users and non-users, examining effects of household characteristics and distance to mill on usage; patterns of visits to grain mills in relation to distance from mill and multiple-visits; extent of capacity utilization; financial positions of the mills; as well as social and economic benefits and impacts such as freeing women from the traditional grain processing method, male participation in grain processing, time saving, monetary benefits in comparison with private mill usage, quality of flour, reduced grain loss, etc.

065 Kiros, F.G. [Fassil G. Kiros].

Currency devaluation in Africa: Framework of analysis and experience.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1989. v. 5 (2), p. 1-27.

Presents a broad framework of analysis for the determination of the need for currency devaluation and highlights the main problems and the likely consequences entailed by such a measure in the context of the circumstances and experiences of countries in Africa. After a brief and general review of several approaches used for determining the need for devaluation (symptoms of overvaluation), viz., current account deficit, import restrictions and export subsidies, losses in price competitiveness in purchasing power parity calculations, underlying payment balances disequilibrium, appreciation of a major currency to which another currency is pegged, and existence of a parallel foreign exchange market. The paper then describes, including shortcomings, three approaches utilized for an analysis of the balance of payments and of the effects of exchange-rate adjustments, viz., the elasticities, absorption and monetary. It then addresses the problem of application of available methods of analysis by reconsidering the main pertinent features of African countries. Discusses the likely outcomes of devaluation, bearing in mind the circumstances in Africa, such as effects on exports and imports, on domestic production, on domestic inflation, income redistribution, as well as on import restriction and import promotion policies, followed by a presentation of some empirical evidence relating to effects of devaluation in countries that had implemented devaluation independently, following the 1967 devaluation of the British pound, or following the 1969 devaluation of the French franc.

066 Ochieng, E. O.

Uganda's potential to increase production and export of agricultural products to Preferential Trade Area (PTA) countries.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1989. v. 5 (2), p. 28-51.

Investigates the possibility of increasing the production of agricultural and agro-allied commodities in Uganda for export to countries in the Preferential Trade Area (PTA) in relation to the provisions of the PTA's protocol on cooperation in the field of agricultural development; the demand for food imports by other PTA countries; Uganda's past export performance in agricultural and agro-industrial commodities; the situation in agricultural output in the country during 1980-1987; an identification of commodities whose production and export could be increased easily; current and projected production quantities of the identified commodities; and internal and external constraints to increased production and trade.

067 Jinadu, L. Adele

Regional integration in Africa: Theoretical perspectives and their implications.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1990. v. 6 (1), p. 1-12.

After a brief review of colonial regional integration exercises in West, Central, East and Southern Africa, the paper examines the theoretical perspectives and contributions made by Karl Deutsch, Amitai Etzioni, Haas and Joseph Nye, assessing the applicability of each to the conditions in Africa and their implication for regional integration attempts.

068 Mijere, Nsolo J.

SADCC: IMF economic adjustment programmes and regional economic cooperation.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1990. v. 6 (1), p. 48-60.

Analyzes and examines the contradictions and conflicts imposed by IMF-prescribed national structural adjustment programmes on regional economic integration in Southern Africa within the context of dependency theory. Includes a brief outline of dependency theory, an analysis of IMF-imposed economic adjustment programmes, an examination of the raison d'etre of the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC), and a discussion of the bases of conflict and contradictions among nationally negotiated IMF economic programmes and the objectives of SADCC.

069 Musoke, I. K. S.

Beyond summits and jet-setting: Prospects for regional integration in Southern Africa.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1990. v. 6 (1), p. 30-47.

Reviews the rationale behind the formation of regional organizations and the practical and ideological functions which they are supposed to serve and describes the major types or varieties of intergovernmental regional organizations. Discusses the formation and development of the two institutions aimed at regional integration in Southern Africa, viz., the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) and the Eastern and Southern African Preferential Trade Area (PTA) and concludes with a critical assessment of the SADCC and the PTA as instruments for regional cooperation and integration.

070 Nyoni, Timathy S.

Trade policy and development in the SADCC region.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1990. v. 6 (1), p. 13-29.

Examines how regional integration and trade policy can promote economic development in the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) region. After a brief theoretical review of the relation between trade and development, the paper discusses intra-regional trade flows and obstacles to trade in the region. It then assesses the prospects for development of trade among the SADCC countries, proposing the adoption of one or some combination of the micro (project) and the macro (globalist) approaches to regional economic integration, the adoption of direct trade measures and trade agreements, the establishment and promotion of an export pre-financing revolving fund and an export credit facility, an increase in trade promotion measures, and recommending a regional trade co-ordination machinery.

071 Rwomire, A.

The role of the university in regional integration and cooperation: An African perspective.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1990. v. 6 (1), p. 61-72.

Based upon a functionalist perspective, the paper discusses the contribution, both potential and actual, of African universities to cultural transmission and social integration; to the production of high level human power; to the development of new knowledge, innovation and change; and to regional integration and cooperation through higher education. The major problems facing institutions of higher learning are also examined.

072 Kalinga, J. M.

History and agrarian change: Studies from eastern and Southern Africa.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1990-1991. v. 6 (2) and v. 7(1), p. i-iii.

An introduction containing a brief overview of each paper contained in this special double issue of the Journal on aspects of African agrarian history.

073 Kanduza, Ackson M.

History and agricultural change in Zambia.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1990-1991. v. 6 (2) and v. 7 (1), p. 1-13.

Attempts to explore the development of history as a discipline and its contribution to the understanding of agricultural change in Zambia by presenting a brief outline of the meaning of history and its development in the country and how historical studies of agricultural change have evolved yet their contribution seems to have had minimal impact in influencing development trends.

074 Machigaidze, Victor E. M.

Land reform in colonial Zimbabwe: The Southern Rhodesia Land Husbandry Act and African response.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1990-1991. v. 6 (2) and v. 7 (1), p. 14-46.

Reviews the objectives, causes of the failure, and responses of the African population to the Native Land Husbandry (NLH) Act passed by the white settler Rhodesian state in 1951 in Zimbabwe. Discusses briefly the context in which the NLH Act was formulated, with particular reference to the land tenure question and the ecological disasters in African reserves that resulted from the Land Apportionment Act of 1930 which expropriated the land and divided it unequally between white settlers and African reserves; aims, objectives and provisions of the NLH Act; contradictions and shortcomings of the NLH Act as well as deficiencies in its implementation; and finally reasons for and consequences of the Africans' opposition to the Act.

075 Mtisi, Joseph.

Relationship between government and private enterprise in the forestry and timber industry: The case of Zimbabwe, 1923-75.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1990-1991. v. 6 (2) and v. 7 (1), p. 47-64.

Analyzes the character of co-operation and conflict that existed between the Government and private enterprises in Zimbabwe's forestry and timber industry over the period 1922-75. Reviews briefly the history of Government afforestation activities in the country, highlights the crucial role that the forestry and timber industry plays in the economy, and discusses the respective responsibilities of government and private enterprise in the forestry industry. After an overview of the relationships and conflicts between the state and private enterprises in Britain and South Africa, the paper describes the early co-operation and later conflict, including the arguments of both sides, between the Government and private enterprises in Zimbabwe over the issue of utilization of forest resources as well as the results of the policy review that ensued.

076 Mushinge, Chipone

The impact of colonial policies on ecological control and African cattle production in Botswana, 1885-1954.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1990-1991. v. 6 (2) and v. 7 (1), p. 65-77.

Examines the impact of the interaction between pre-colonial socio-economic formations and colonialism, especially vis-a-vis cattle production, in Botswana in the context of underdevelopment. After a brief overview of the theory of underdevelopment and the pre-colonial settlement patterns and socio-economic formations of the Tswana, the paper reviews colonial penetration and its characteristics, the politics of settler land alienation and cattle accumulation in contrast to the systematic impoverishment of the African population, and the negligible and inequitable, in favour of the settlers, provision of veterinary and transport services.

077 Mwambutsya, Ndebesa

Pre-capitalist social formation: The case of the Banyankole of southwestern Uganda.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1990-1991. v. 6 (2) and v. 7 (1), p. 78-95.

After a brief history of Ankole, Uganda, the paper describes the pre-capitalist mode of production that existed on the eve of colonial rule in the area, with emphasis on the production, exchange and consumption relations among the settled agriculturalist Bairu, the pastoralist Bahima and iron-smiths; the tribute-client relationship in the then semi-centralized monarchical system of administration; and system of regional and intra-tribal trade between iron-smiths and agriculturalists.

078 Neocosmos, Michael

Agrarian history and nationalist politics in Southern Africa: Notes towards a critique of conventional wisdom.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1990-1991. v. 6 (2) and v. 7 (1), p. 96-140.

Discusses some of the most important consequences and shortcomings of the linear proletarianization thesis, which maintains inter alia that the peasantry in Southern Africa had, on the whole, been systematically proletarianized during the colonial period, arguing that the thesis fails to explain the differentiation of the peasantry into classes, and importantly, to provide a correct account of the class physiognomy of the social formations in the region, and also, to explain the continued production of agricultural petty-commodity producers under imperialist conditions; that, as a result, it fails to provide a correct account of the nature of the post-colonial state in the countries of the region; that it tends to see the only two alternatives facing the oppressed people as capitalism and socialism, failing to address the question of democracy; that it misunderstands the nature of imperialism, in particular the social relations of imperialism in Southern Africa; and that it cannot offer a solution to the national question in Southern Africa.

079 Nyambara, P. S.

The origins and development of the cotton industry in colonial Zimbabwe, 1903-1935.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1990-1991. v. 6 (2) and v. 7 (1), p. 141-156.

Reviews the history of cotton production in colonial Zimbabwe, outlining the reasons for its introduction, early attempts at commercial cotton growing by white settlers in the period from 1903 to 19923, developments in the cotton boom of 1923 to 1935, and finally the contributions of African farmers to commercial cotton growing.

080 Phiri, Kings. M.

Pre-colonial migrations and agricultural change on the western side of Lake Malawi.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1990-1991. v. 6 (2) and v. 7 (1), p. 157-170.

Reviews the history of pre-colonial migrations that have formed the various ethnic groups in Malawi from the coming together over time of different streams of immigrants, exploring the relationship which appears to have existed between such migrations, on one hand, and the socio-economic changes in general, and agricultural change, in particular, on the other hand, with emphasis on the agricultural system prevalent in the region during the later Iron Age, impacts of the Ngulube (seventeenth century) and Lowoka (eighteenth century) immigrants, and changes brought about by Swahili-Arab traders and their Yao allies in the nineteenth century.

081 Sikhondze, Bonginkosi A. B.

Monopoly commodity production in Swaziland: The case of cotton.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1990-1991. v. 6 (2) and v. 7 (1), p. 171-181.

Reviews the history of cotton production in Swaziland, with emphasis on the monopoly production reserved for white settlers (1904-11), the Swazi challenge to these monopoly by settlers (1911-31) and the various attempts that were made to protect and maintain the monopoly of settlers until 1931, at which point the business became no longer profitable due to the decline in world market prices for cotton, following which the colonial state stepped in to encourage Swazi production as they could still make a profit.

082 Bazaara, N.

The notion of "food self-sufficient Uganda": A critical re-examination.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1991. v. 7 (2), p. 11-25.

Argues that the view that Uganda has been and continues to be self-sufficient in its food requirements is a misconception of the reality and that this view is based on a thin empirical basis and an analysis done within a clearly inadequate conceptual and theoretical framework. Outlines the need for a different conceptual and theoretical approach in order to have a correct grasp of the food question in the country. Suggests such an approach with the aim of stimulating fresh thinking and raising the level of the debate.

083 Hassan, Fareed Mohmed Ahmed.

Allocative efficiency of capital investment: The case of the Sudanese public and private manufacturing sectors.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1991. v. 7 (2), p. 1-10.

Examines the extent of resource mal-allocation in both the public and private manufacturing sectors in Sudan, focusing on an analysis of capital investment distribution in order to get some quantitative measure of the existing mal-allocation and the corresponding welfare loss. Also measures the dead-weight loss, defined as the loss in efficiency, as measured by the value of output sacrificed due to monopoly practices in both sectors. Notes the difficulties in doing such kind of analysis with great precision.

084 Lado, Cleopnhs

A note on the appropriate agricultural technology and the designation of agro-ecological zones for African environments.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1991. v. 7 (2), p. 48-66.

Examines the characteristics of the three agro-ecological zones in Africa, viz., low resource arid and semi-arid areas; high potential or enhancement areas (with potential for intensive crop production using existing technologies, but where more attention should be given to the environmental costs of agricultural practices); and forestry areas (including genetic reserves). Discusses the concerns that need to be addressed, the policy emphasis that should guide agricultural development, and the appropriate technologies that need to be adopted, adapted or developed for sustainable development in each zone.

085 Mulat, T. [Teshome Mulat].

The nature and causes of the deepening African economic crisis.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1991. v. 7 (2), p. 26-47.

Shows the nature and major determinants of Africa's continuing and deepening economic crisis, noting that it manifests itself in many ways and in all aspects of economic activity, such as, in the sphere of production, the crisis of declining economic productivity, the collapse of agriculture and the food crisis, persistent droughts and imbalances in the ecosystem, and indications of grave malfunctions and unsatisfactory performance of the non-agricultural sectors. Highlights the financial side of the crisis, notably the fact that investment financial flows to Africa are receding, that net foreign exchange earnings from raw material exports are depressed partly due to the deteriorating terms of trade of Africa's exports and partly because of rising import costs, that the international trade practice exhibits, in the export and import trade and the visible and invisible accounts, large financial leakages out of the region, and that many countries face heavy burdens of debt and debt servicing. Notes that colonial and neo-colonial exploitation provide important explanations for the ongoing crisis but that there are also political, institutional and policy constraints operating both at the country and regional levels that are adversely affecting economic performance. Recommends that the solution lies in what African countries can and should do for themselves, the implementation of regional agreements, and agreements for development as provided under the auspices of the OAU and ECA.

086 Ali, Ali Abdel Gadir.

Structural adjustment programmes and poverty creation: Evidence from Sudan.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1992. v. 8 (1), p. 1-21.

Attempts to assess the impact of adjustment programmes on the poor by answering the questions as to what has happened to the poor during the 1980s and whether adjustment policies have intensified poverty. After a rapid review of the analytical frameworks available in the literature, proposes a direct approach, starting with a poverty index and proceeding to an analysis of the channels through which policies affect the poor, to the study of the effects of adjustment policies on the poor which looks at the behaviour of poverty over time, nets out the secular trends in poverty and thereby ends with the effects of the policies on the poor. Briefly describes the database for the Sudan, which has adopted and implemented adjustment policies during 1978-1985, where the proposed approach is applied and presents the results as they apply to the four poverty measures, namely, head-count ratio, poverty gap, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke measure, and Sen' measure, as well as the distribution of income. Includes a discussion of the policy implications of the findings.

087 Buchert, Lene

Basic and higher education in Tanzania 1919-1990: Quantitative expansion for the many or qualitative improvement for the few?

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1992. v. 8 (1), p. 62-79.

Explores the historical relationship between basic and higher education in the policy-making process, taking Tanzania as a case study, in order to determine the relative importance over time of the issues of equality and quality and to answer whether, either through economic necessity or political choice, the relative emphasis on basic and higher education and on quality and equality in education, respectively, must be considered to be opposing entities in historical situations when educational systems intended to assist national development are under formation. Bases the investigation on primary historical evidence collected in the National Archives in Dar-es-Salaam and the Public Records Office in London as well as contemporary policy documents and statistics issued by the Ministry of Education in Dar-es-Salaam.

088 Kishindo, Paul

Women, land and agriculture in Lesotho.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1992. v. 8 (1), p. 22-32.

Examines women's access to agricultural land in Lesotho, as well as their role in agricultural production in a patriarchal social system which also happens to experience a high level of male labour outmigration. Briefly reviews the traditional Basotho land tenure system, recent trends in agricultural production and output, effects of labour outmigration on the agricultural production systems and farm-level decision making, and the Land Act of 1979 which introduced three important changes to the existing land tenure system, viz., agricultural lease as a tenure option, principle of primogeniture in the transmission of land rights, and allocation of land by a land allocation committee rather than by a chief or village headman.

089 Musyoki, Agnes; Naulikha, Gregory; Khayesi, Meleckidzedeck

The Preferential Trade Area for eastern and Southern Africa: An analysis of emerging operational and political realities.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1992. v. 8 (1), p. 80-98.

Provides an analysis of the problems associated with the operational framework of the Preferential Trade Area for eastern and Southern Africa (PTA), with emphasis on contentious issues arising from the ambitious objectives and programme of the PTA; the Origin of Goods rule; delays in implementing tariff reductions and eventual removal; and PTA institutions. Also looks at the political difficulties that threaten the smooth evolution of the PTA endeavour, particularly, difficulties in having the political will and commitment to foster common goals as opposed to national priorities, unwillingness to surrender some amount of national autonomy, differences in ideology and development approaches of member states, and other political problems.

090 Rwabukwali, Charles B.

Sexual behaviour and the acceptability of condoms to Ugandan males.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1992. v. 8 (1), p. 33-45.

Presents and discusses survey findings from a comparative study, in one urban and two rural districts of Uganda, regarding the sexual behaviour patterns of males; the socio-cultural and economic factors, such as age, educational level, urban-rural location, economic status (measured by monthly income), and number of sexual partners (measured by number of wives), that influence male acceptability and use of condoms; beliefs, perceptions, attitudes, acceptability, and practice of condom utilization; and the dynamics of condom use and accessibility and acceptability.

091 Wamala, A. S.

The role of workers in the struggle towards multi-party democracy: Africa's colonial and post-colonial experience.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1992. v. 8 (1), p. 46-61.

Reviews the role played by workers in the demand for political pluralism in various African countries. Includes a brief discussion of the democratic and economic rights of workers in their organization of employment, an overview of the origin for the demand for democratic pluralism in Africa as a whole, an analysis of the experience in the colonial and post-independent era, as well as the rationale and impact of the working class in pushing for the mass democratic movement.

092 Atieno, Rosemary; Hayangah, Rosemary.

Women's role in agricultural food production in Kenya: The case of Siaya District.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1992. v. 8 (2), p. 36-50.

Presents findings of a study on types of agricultural activities taken up by women in Siaya District, Kenya, and an analysis of the effects of household head, capital, family size and labour, extension services, credit, hired labour, and fertilizer input on the productivity of women engaged in these small-scale agricultural activities.

093 Kyomuhendo, Grace. Bantebya.

The role of women in petty commodity production and commerce: A case study of rural peasant women in Uganda.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1992. v. 8 (2), p. 1-19.

Presents and discusses survey findings from a study of the role played by rural women on petty commodity production and commerce (PCPC) in Hoima district, Uganda, with particular reference to factors accounting for the influx of rural women into PCPC, major constraints encountered by women in their production and commercial activities, and socio-cultural pressures influencing the participation of women in PCPC. Includes recommendations that are geared towards the improvement of rural women's conditions in their struggle for economic independence.

094 Orodho, John Aluko

Women's work and the informal sector in Kenya: A study of some small-scale women enterprises in Mombassa District.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1992. v. 8 (2), p. 20-35.

Presents findings of a study on types of informal-sector activities taken up by urban women entrepreneurs in Mombassa District, Kenya, as well as on the relative degree of popularity of these activities, in terms of the number of women operating each; on the association between level of formal education of entrepreneurs with the growth and performance of their enterprises; on how different categories of women entrepreneurs manage their labour-time in relation to their other obligations and how these entrepreneurs utilize the labour of others in order to carry out the total range of household and economic duties for which they are responsible; and on the nature of income accumulation, how the income is used in the households and the constraints confronting women entrepreneurs.

095 Swilla, Imani N.

Gender inequalities in the teaching staff of boys' and girls' secondary schools in Tanzania: A comparative study.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1992. v. 8 (2), p. 51-71.

Presents findings of a study which examined if there exists any institutionalized gender discrimination in secondary schools; if the quality and quantity of education one receives is affected by gender; and if there are significant qualitative and quantitative differences between boys' and girls' schools in Tanzania. The study compared the staffing situation in boys' and girls' schools and analyzed differences between the two categories of schools regarding the sex, educational level, opportunities for in-service training, etc., of teachers. Data for this exercise was obtained from questionnaire surveys and interviews as to the relative number of male and female teachers, teacher-student ratios, specialization in the arts Vs the sciences, educational qualifications of teachers, performance of students at O-level, opportunities for further training, opportunities for promotions, participation in workshops and seminars, job satisfaction in terms of choice of the profession, and preferences for teaching in the two school categories.

096 Banda, Darlington A.

Labour laws: Do they encourage dialogue in Zambia?

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1993. v. 9 (1), p. 59-69.

Discusses briefly the role of dialogue in labour relations and critically examines whether the Zambian law of labour relations, even though it recongizes the institutions of collective bargaining and workers councils, has been designed to encourage dialogue among trade unions, employers and their associations, and the state as a mechanism to forestall, coordinate, channel, regulate and resolve conflict in industrial relations.

097 Mohamed-Salih, M. A.

Agro-pastoralism: An underestimated regional food production system.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1993. v. 9 (1), p. 23-37.

Examines four interrelated areas of concern regarding pastoral production systems (PPSs) in the Sahel, viz., why pastorlists have not been accorded sufficient attention by policy makers and planners despite the substantial contribution of PPSs to food production; the linkages between the externalities and internalities which produced PPSs incapable of coping with an increasing economic and ecological pressures; responses to the crisis which has been heralded by the neglect and underestimation of PPSs and the possibility of a linkage between the environment and development in the Sahel; and status of agro-pastoralism as a regional production system and what policies can be pursued to fully utilize this potential for the benefits of the pastoralists and states of the Sahel.

098 Musa, E. A.

Comparative performance of public and private sector companies in the sugar industry in Sudan.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1993. v. 9 (1), p. 39-58.

Attempts to assess if private enterprises in the sugar industry really outperform their counterparts in the public sector in the Sudan by comparing the rate of return on investment, average cost of production, capacity utilization rate, and average labour productivity levels in one private and 4 public sugar companies in the Sudan. Identifies tight government control, pursuit of socio-political as well as development roles, and shortage of inputs as causes for the poor performance of public enterprises.

099 Selassie, S. G. [Seyoum G. Selassie].

Demographic factors, employment and the level of welfare in the Africa region.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1993. v. 9 (1), p. 1-21.

Examines the relationship between demographic factors such as the rate of natural increase, the age structure of population on the one hand and changes in the sectoral distribution of the labour force, growth in the size of employment and the share of wage labour in total employment in sub-Saharan Africa. Assesses the pattern of income distribution, noting the serious problem of income inequality. Includes data on fertility and mortality rates, population growth and the proportion of the total population that is of working age, changes in the relative contributions of agriculture, industry, manufacturing and services to GDP, the decline in aggregate as well as sector-specific GDP growth rates, the problem of urbanization, trends in employment growth, growth of wage employment as a proportion of non-agricultural employment, per capita GDP output levels (as a measure of productivity), and measures of level of welfare such as income distribution and health and nutrition status of the population

100 Ali, Ali Abdel Gadir.

Adjustment programmes and the environment in sub-Saharan Africa: Some exploratory results.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1993. v. 9 (2), p. 33-46.

Suggests a methodology for looking at the relationship between the environment and structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) from a development perspective despite the limited amount of the literature on the subject and the serious constraints imposed by data limitations in the case of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) on this kind of research. After noting the difficulty of applying the four standard approaches, viz., before-after, with-without, actual-versus-target and simulation, commonly used to compare economic performances under a SAP with that which would have taken in its absence for studying the impact of SAPs on the environment, the paper discusses Barbier and Burgess' study on effects of pricing policies on the environment and the World Bank's approach for exploring the relationship between poverty and the environment. It then utilizes poverty, especially the poverty-gap index, as an intermediate variable linking SAPs and the environment, and presents empirical results for the level of poverty in 10 early-intensive-adjustment-lending, other-adjustment-lending and non-adjustment lending countries in SSA.

101 Mlay, Wlifred

Population dynamics and the environment.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1993. v. 9 (2), p. 19-31.

Argues that while population growth and environmental changes are closely interrelated, linkages between environmental damage and rapid population growth are often overstated and therefore misleading. Supports this assertion by analyzing the balanced co-existence relationship that used to exist between human beings and their environment until the 1960s and the series of environmental crises in the 70s and 80s that gave rise to alarms about the population bomb; the long- but not short-term benefits of population control on the environment; and the implications of regional variations (developed Vs developing) in population trends. Maintains that the underlying and fundamental causes of environmental degradation in developing countries, and especially Africa, are poverty, colonial forms of resource exploitation combined with rapid population increase, and low population density and small size populations and not population dynamics, and hence that solutions to environmental problems must be sought beyond human population management and control and should focus on a different development policy.

102 Rasheed, Sadig

The challenge of sustainable development in Africa in the 1990s and beyond.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1993. v. 9 (2), p. 1-17.

Reviews briefly the economic crisis, notably the decline in per capita income and standards of living, as well as the worsening social and economic conditions faced by the majority of the people in Africa in the 1980s and the first three years of the 1990s. Discusses the environmental degradation, manifested by increased deforestation, growing threat of desertification, and recurrent droughts, that is affecting the region. Highlights the need for deliberate efforts and resolute actions to reverse these declining socio-economic trends and to put the continent on the path of sustained and environmentally sound development. Assesses the prospects of Africa in meeting the challenge of achieving structural transformation and sustained and environmentally sound development, outlining the actions and policies that will be required from African governments, the African people, donor countries and development aid financial institutions, the Organization of African Unity, and non-governmental organizations.

103 Rugumamu, Severine M.

External debt servicing and environmental degradation: The case of Tanzania.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1993. v. 9 (2), p. 47-61.

Discusses the nature and magnitude of the external debt burden for Tanzania. Provides important physical indices of environmental degradation caused by indiscriminate exploitation of forestry resources, notably deforestation by cutting timber and for tobacco production, both for export, in recent years in order to service this debt. Presents recommendations on appropriate measures that can be taken to manage this debt while protecting the environment.

104 El-Tom, Abdullahi O.

Mugging the poor: IBRD/IMF and the pursuit of African development.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1994. v. 10 (1), p. 23-49.

Examines the recent African development failure, focusing on the external factors which the author takes as the primary causes of the problem. Without denying the impact of internal factors, such as corruption and mismanagement, the author argues that it is the continued subordination of Africa to serve Western interests which prevented any hope of a genuine transformation of the continent. This is guaranteed through a host of policies imposed and spearheaded by a number of international organizations, currently led by the IBRD and the IMF, whose standardized structural adjustment programs (SAPs) take scant or little regard of individual variations among credit-seeking countries, and have conditionality measures such as devaluation, retrenchment of workers, contingent monetary policies, and an increase in interest rates. These SAPs have had no or very little success. Concludes by calling on African leaders to move towards a complete decolonisation of Africa and to implement their own development strategies.

105 Elbadawi, Ibriahim A.

World Bank's adjustment lending and economic performance in sub-Saharan Africa: Some indicative results.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1994. v. 10 (1), p. 1-22.

In an attempt at a possible determination of the demand for World Bank-assisted adjustment, the paper analyzes, in some detail, the initial conditions (in terms of economic performance, policy stance as regards real effective exchange rates and ratio of fiscal deficit to GDP, and external shocks such as terms of trade and real interest rates) that prevailed in the period 1970-1980 for three groups of countries in sub-Saharan Africa, viz., early intensive adjustment lending countries (those that have received two or more structural adjustment lendings (SALs) or three or more adjustment loans (either SALs or sectoral adjustment lendings)) starting in 1985 or before; other adjustment lending countries (those that started a program after 1985 or received fewer than two SALs or fewer than three adjustment loans in 1985 or before); and no adjustment lending countries (those that have received non-adjustment loans). Presents a before-and-after comparisons of economic performances (in terms of real GDP growth, domestic investment to GDP ratio, saving GDP ratio, export to GDP ratio, and domestic inflation) for each group. Concludes that the before-and-after analysis of economic performance, while helping to understand what actually happened after implementation of the reform, is not suitable for addressing the ultimate question of whether Bank-assisted reform programs have had significant effect on economic performance.

106 Mohammed, Nacir Abdel Latif

Adjustment in Africa, reforms, results, and the road ahead: A review.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1994. v. 10 (1), p. 51-68.

Summarizes findings of a report, issued by the World Bank in 1994, which says that the Bank's studies showed that structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) are working in Africa where they were successfully implemented and that more policy reforms are needed. The highlights of the report are a survey of the poor economic performance of most sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries and the need for adjustment; changes in macroeconomic policies, usually tackled early in the adjustment process, to eliminate major distortions in the economies of SSA; progress in trade and agricultural reform; reforms in the financial, public enterprise and public sectors; and payoffs to the adjustment process. The author then critically evaluates the report in light of the available empirical studies on the impact of SAPs on African economies, highlighting shortcomings and weaknesses such as bias in the choice of the sample as well as the time period; subjectivity of the overall macroeconomic policy index (which is supposed to measure the adjustment effort); inadequateness and limitedness of the indicators of performance; exclusion of human resource development and social dimensions in the analysis; attribution of all the growth to the implementation of SAPs; difficulty in establishing the conclusions reached by the report with the evidence provided in it; lack of discussion on impact of SAPs on industrialization; simplicity of the discussion with regard to impact of SAPs on poverty and environmental degradation; and the fact that the burden of SAP reforms hits social services and public investments, but not military expenditure. Concludes with the need to reduce military expenditure to release resources for human resource development and productive investment.

107 Ahmed, Abdel Ghaffar M.

The relevance of indigenous systems of production to food policies: A Horn of Africa perspective.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1994. v. 10 (2), p. 55-65.

The paper attempts to draw a wider image of the causes of food shortages and food insecurity in the Horn of Africa, in addition to that of the low use of fertilizers, drought and civil conflicts, by examining what has taken place to rural production systems over the past three decades and hence has led to the present state of affairs. Proposes a model which advocates the incorporation of indigenous knowledge and systems of production in order to improve the food supply situation and achieve sustainable development.

108 Maglad, Nour Eldin A.

School supply, family background and gender specific enrollment and attainment in Sudan.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1994. v. 10 (2), p. 1-20.

The paper investigates how family background, wealth ownership and human capital, and school availability influences school participation and attainment by children and also examines the effects of these factors separately for boys and girls to find out whether these factors affect boys and girls differently in the Sudan. It also investigates which social groups benefit most from school availability and government subsidy.

109 Mohamed-Salih, Mohammed Abdel Rahim

Environmental insecurity: Implications for social conditions in Africa.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1994. v. 10 (2), p. 43-54.

Recent African history has been one of conspicuous social insecurity as a result of environmental stress, economic pressures and loss of means of livelihoods. In addition to drought, famine and hunger, political turmoil and civil wars have complicated the situation and produced a state and society on the verge of collapse. Environmental refugees mingled with war and human rights abuses refugees to make the Horn of Africa one of the largest refugees-producing and reproducing regions in the world. The social conditions of environmentally displaced peoples and refugees are explored in relation to the linkages between environmental insecurity and poverty. This linkage stems from the compelling reality that the deterioration of socio-economic conditions cannot be isolated from the deterioration of the environment. Inclinations to advocate the opposite have failed miserably to understand the genesis of the political economy of resource management or appreciate the fact that environment means different things for different interest groups. The paper attempts to explicate the consequences of poverty-induced environmental insecurity which is rooted in the political economy of the "world disorder" and hence the "logic of anarchy". It draws on experiences and data collected on environmental refugees in Africa, with special reference to the Horn of Africa, and the wider issues of deteriorating socio-economic conditions of the poor and the underprivileged.

110 Said, A. [Ali Said].

Resource-use conflict between pastoralism and irrigation development in the middle Awash valley of Ethiopia.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 1994. v. 10 (2), p. 21-41.

The study outlines the conflicts over natural resources utilization caused by the expansion of irrigation agriculture into an area which has traditionally been used by Afar pastoralists for extensive livestock production in the middle Awash Valley in Ethiopia. The various dimensions of the conflicts examined include the extent of grazing lands lost to irrigation and the opportunities thereby forgone by the Afar, including an estimate of the financial returns of the lost grazing land in comparison with its alternative use under pastoralism; the environmental dimension such as range degradation due, primarily, to overstocking as well as land degradation caused by salinity and sodicity; health and ecological hazards resulting from irrigation; the increased vulnerability of Afar pastoralists to drought; as well as socio-political dimensions such as intra- and inter-ethnic conflicts over resource use, social conflicts and confrontations between pastoralists and other groups, cultural disintegration as perceived by the Afar, crop damage caused by the invasion of cotton fields by Afar herds, political constraints, and social injustices. It attempts to indicate various possibilities for resolving these conflicts.